ISBN: 9788121212304    Publisher: Gyan Publishing House Year of publishing: 2014     Format:  Hardback No of Pages: 376        Language: English

Description About The Author:- K C Malhotra, an Anthropologist and human ecologist has taught in Pune University and Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata. He has carried out extensive research on anthropological and ecological dimensions among tribals, dalits, nomads of the country. He has authored over 20 books/monographs and has published over 350 research articles in Indian and foreign journals. He is the fellow of the Indian National Science Academy and Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangaluru. He was President of Indian Society of Human Genetics. He has served as a member or Chairman on various committees of Department of Science and technology, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Planning Commission, etc. .......Singru Hontal, a Kondh tribal, was born and brought up in village Kondhpungar in Koraput district of Odisha. He studied upto class seven. Presently, he is leader of People's Organisation and facilitator for village development. He on his own initiative acquired exceptionally knowledge of biodiversity and its conservation. He has received training in a number of aspects of rural development (sustainable agriculture, health and sanitation, PRI's, agro-forestry, PBR, etc.). Since 1992 he has facilitated a wide range of development activities in his village: formation of Peoples Organisation, establishment of grain and gene bank and self help groups, land development, low carbon agriculture, herbal garden, solar energy, sanitation etc. Due to his dynamic leadership he has transformed Kondhpungar in to a model village in south Orissa.Contents:- Contents # Preface 13 Acknowledgements 17 Acronym 19 List of Tables 21 List of Figures 27 List of Plates 29 1. Kondhpungar Village 33 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Village Profile 1.3. Geographical Area 1.4. People • Kondhs • Kuvi Kondh 1.5. Education 1.6. Languages Spoken 1.7. Land Holding Pattern 1.7.1. Inter-household Variation in Total Land Holdings 1.8 Sources of Livelihood • Annual Income Among the Households• Income From Livestock • Income From Forest Products • Income From Wage Labour• Distribution of Total Annual Income • Relative Contribution of Different Sources of Livelihood to Total Annual Income • Income Generation Activities Undertaken by SHG in Kondhpungar 1.9 Annual Calendar of Main Festivals in the Village • Rakhyas Puja • Spiritually Empowered Seeds 1.10. Traditional Governance System 1.11 Present Governance System• People's Organisation • Self-Help Group • Rural Health and Environmental Programme (Rhep) 1.12 Growing Partnership: People of Kondhpungar and IRDWSI 1.13. Glimpses of Kondhpungar's Journey 1988-2008. 2. Objectives, Concepts and Methods 101 2.1. Objectives of the Study 2.2. Various Concepts Used • Biodiversity •Sustainable Use of Biodiversity• Sustainable Livelihoods 2.3 Methodology Adopted • Formation of Study Team • Capacity Building • Team Formation • Data Collection • Nomenclature • 8 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Livelihoods Validation of Nomenclature • Duration of Study • Photo Documentation. 3. Biodiversity Bearing Areas in Kondhpungar 109 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Identification of Biodiversity Bearing Areas 3.3. Description of Biodiversity Bearing Areas 3.3.1. Landscape Biodiversity Bearing Areas 3.3.1.1. Homestead Gardens • Variation in Size of Badas • Biodiversity in Individual Homestead Gardens • Biodiversity in Homestead Gardens: Salient Features and Summary • Vegetables and Other Plants Grown in Badas • Wild Plants Found in Badas • Wild Animals Sighted in Badas 3.3.1.2. Domesticated Animals • Inter-household Variation • Inter- Household Variation in Total Numbers of Animals Maintained • Preferred Domesticated Animals 3.3.1.3. Herbal Garden • Medicinal Plants Planted in the Garden • Survival Status of Planted Species • Wild Plants Species Found in Herbal Garden • Wild Animals Sighted in Herbal Garden 3.3.1.4. Farm Land • Domesticated Plant Species •Wild Plants Species Occurring in Farm Lands •Wild Animals Sighted in Farm Lands 3.3.1.5. Wet Lands •Crop Grown in Wet Lands •Wild Plants Species Occurring in Wet Lands• Wild Animals Sighted in Wet Lands 3.3.1.6. Rainfed Lands •Crops and Trees Grown in Rainfed Lands • Wild Plant Species Found in Rainfed Lands • Wild Animal Species Sighted in Rainfed Lands 3.3.1.7. Shifting Cultivation • Crops Grown in Shifting Cultivation Fields • Trees Grown in Shifting Cultivation Fields • Wild Plants Occurring in Shifting Cultivation Fields • Wild Animals Sighted in Shifting Cultivation Fields 3.3.1.8. Social Forestry Plantation• Names of the Plant Species Planted • Wild Plants Occurring in Social Forestry Patch • Wild Animals Sighted in Social Forestry Patch 3.3.1.9. Cashew Nut Plantation • Wild Plants Occurring in Cashew Nut Plantation Patch • Wild Animals Sighted in Cashew Nut Plantation Area 3.3.1.10. Eucalyptus Plantation • Wild Plant Species Occurring in Eucalyptus Plantation Area • Wild Animals Sighted in Eucalyptus Plantation Area 3.3.1.11. Silver Oak Plantation • Wild Plant Species Occurring in Silver Oak Plantation Area • Wild Animals Sighted in Silver Oak Plantation Contents 9 Patch 3.3.1.12. Protected Forest • Plants Planted in the Protected Forests • Wild Plant Species Occurring in Protected Forest • Wild Animal Sighted in Protected Forest 3.3.1.13. Sacred Grove • Wild Plant Species Occurring in the Sacred Grove • Wild Animals Sighted in Sacred Grove 3.3.1.14. Road Side Plantation • Wild Plants Species Occurring on Road Side • Wild Animal Sighted on Road Side 3.3.2. Waterscape Elements Bearing Biodiversity 3.3.2.1. Tank 1 • Plants Planted on the Embankment of the Tank • Wild Plants Occurring on the Embankment of the Tank • Aquatic Fauna Found in the Tank • Wild Animals Found in and Around the Tank 3.3.2.2. Tank 2 • Aquatic Animals Found in and Around the Tank • Plants Raised on the Tank Bund • Wild Plants Occurring on the Tank Bund• Wild Animals Seen Around the Tank 3.3.2.3. Tank 3• Aquatic Animals Found in and Around the Tank • Plants Raised on the Tank Bund • Wild Plants Occurring on the Tank • Wild Animals Seen Around the Tank 3.3.2.4. Check Dam • Aquatic Animals Found in and Around the Check Dam • Aquatic and Terrestrial Plant Species • Wild Plants Occurring on the Check Dam • Wild Animals Seen Around the Check Dam 3.3.2.5. Streams • Stream 1: Kotra am Jhola • Wild Plants Occurring Along the Stream Kotra amJhola • Wild Animals Sighted Around the Stream Kotra am Jhola • Stream 2: Kudi Kanda Jhola • Wild Plants Occurring Along the Stream Kudi Kanda Jhola • Wild Animals Sighted Around Kudi Kanda Jhola • Stream 3: Boko Sakadi • Aquatic Wild Plants Found Along the Boko Sakadi Stream • Wild Plants Occurring Along the Boko Sakadi Stream • Wild Animals Sighted Around Boko Sakadi Stream. 4. A Comparative Analysis of the Distribution 209 of Biodiversity in Various Land and Waterscape Elements 4.1. A Comparative Analysis of the Occurrence of Cultivated Plant Species in Different Land and Waterscape Elements • Variation in Number of Cultivated Plants Occurring in Different Land and Waterscape Elements • Inter-area Variation in Cultivated Tree Species in 20 Biodiversity Bearing 10 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Livelihoods Areas Varietal Diversity in Select Cultivated Crops • Varietal Diversity in Paddy, Ragi and Suan 4.2. A Comparative Analysis of the Occurrence of Wild Plant Species in Different Land and Waterscape Elements • Variation in Number of Wild Plant Species Occurring in Different Land and Waterscape Elements • Interwild Plant Species Variation in 20 Land and Waterscape Areas • Wild Mushrooms Occurring in the Village 4.3. A Comparative Analysis of the Occurrence of Wild Animal Species in Different Land and Waterscape Elements • Variation in Number of Wild Animal Species Occurring in Different Land and Waterscape Elements • Inter-wild Animal Species Variation in 20 Land and Waterscape Areas 4.4. A Comparative Analysis of the Occurrence of Aquatic and Wild Animal Species in Different Waterscape Elements 5. Biodiversity and Sustainable Livelihoods 257 5.1. Cultivated Crops, Vegetables and Trees and their Usages • Diversity of Usages • Pattern of Consumption 5.2. Wild Plants and their Usages 5.2.1. Diversity of Usages • Food Security • Health Care Security • Energy Security •Fodder Security • Timber • Financial Security • Spiritual Security • Social Bondage • Seasonal Availability of Various Wild Plant Products • Food, Health and Energy Security • Food Security Health Care Security • Energy Security • Edible Wild Mushrooms 5.3. Wild Animals and their Usages • Type of Usages of the Wild Animals 5.4. Use of Wild Aquatic Animals 6. History of Change in Landscape and 301 Waterscape Elements 6.1. Description of Changes in Each of the • Land and Waterscape Elements •Homestead Gardens (Badas) • Herbal Garden • Farm Land • Wet Lands • Rainfed Land • Paddy Varieties • Ragi Varities • Suan Varities • Shifting Cultivation • Social Forestry Plantation • Cashew Nut Plantation • Eucalyptus Plantation • Silver-oak Plantation • Protected Forest • Sacred Grove • Tank 1 • Tank 2 • Tank 3 • Check Dam Streams • Road Side Plantation 6.2. Domesticated Animals 6.3. Changes in the Abundance of Wild Animals 6.4. Changes in the Abundance of 12 Socially Preferred Contents 11 Wild Plants 6.5. Plants Important as Source of Food For Wild Animals 6.6. Assisted Natural Regeneration of Wild Mango in Kondhpungar • Case Study 6.7. Spiritually Empowered Seeds 6.8. Grain Bank. 7. Aspirations and Future Vision 327 7.1. Significant Observations 7.2. Future Vision 7.2.1. Institutional Arrangements 7.2.2. Management of Biodiversity Bearing Areas • Homestead Garden • Herbal Garden • Farm Land • Wet Land • Rainfed Land • Shifting Cultivation • Social Forestry Plantation • Cashew Nut Plantation • Eucalyptus Plantation • Silver Oak Plantation • Protected Forest• Sacred Grove • Tanks • Check Dam • Livestock 7.3. Knowledgeable Persons in the Village. Appendix 1. Genealogy of the Hontal Clan 1 in 343 Kondhpungar 2. Names of Cultivated Crops, Vegetables 351 and Trees grown in Kondhpungar for the Year 2007 Appendix 3. Names of 124 Wild Plants, their Parts 355 used with Purpose Appendix 4. Names of 148 Wild Plants found in 364 Kondhpungar Appendix 5. Wild Animals Sighted in Kondhpungar 367 Index 371About The Book:- It Is Well Documented That During The Last Three Decades In Many Villages Across The Country Both Domesticated And Wild Biodiversity Has Alarmingly Depleted. The Depletion Has Severely Negatively Impacted The Villagers In Particular The Poor-Tribal, Dalit, Other Backwards Communities Etc. They Face Innumerable Problems In Accessing Even The Basic Subsistence Needs Of Fuel Wood, Fodder, Small Timber, Food, Medicine, Etc. The Materials Contained In This Book Are The Result Of Dedicated And Sincere Efforts Of A Number Of Men, Women And Youth From Kondhpungar And Irdwsi And Several Organisations. The Book In Seven Chapters Gives Details Of The Objectives Of The Study, Various Concepts And Methods Used, Introduction To The Village Kondhpugar, Biodiversity Bearing Areas In The Village, The Nature And Extent Of Flora And Fauna Found In The Village, Their Status, Historical Changes In Biodiversity And Its Contribution To Sustainable Livelihoods And Aspiration And Future Vision Of The People Of Kondhpungar. The Book, It Is Hoped Will Encourage Cb0S, Ngos And Academics To Initiate Similar Efforts In Other Parts Of The Country For The Preparation Of Several More Pbrs. It Is Hoped That This Book Will Be Of Use To Individuals And Organisations Working At Micro Level, Particularly In The Field Of Management Of Natural Resources And Sustainable Livelihoods., About The Author:- K C Malhotra, An Anthropologist And Human Ecologist Has Taught In Pune University And Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata. He Has Carried Out Extensive Research On Anthropological And Ecological Dimensions Among Tribals, Dalits, Nomads Of The Country. He Has Authored Over 20 Books/Monographs And Has Published Over 350 Research Articles In Indian And Foreign Journals. He Is The Fellow Of The Indian National Science Academy And Indian Academy Of Sciences, Bangaluru. He Was President Of Indian Society Of Human Genetics. He Has Served As A Member Or Chairman On Various Committees Of Department Of Science And Technology, Ministry Of Environment And Forest, Planning Commission, Etc. .......Singru Hontal, A Kondh Tribal, Was Born And Brought Up In Village Kondhpungar In Koraput District Of Odisha. He Studied Upto Class Seven. Presently, He Is Leader Of People's Organisation And Facilitator For Village Development. He On His Own Initiative Acquired Exceptionally Knowledge Of Biodiversity And Its Conservation. He Has Received Training In A Number Of Aspects Of Rural Development (Sustainable Agriculture, Health And Sanitation, Pri's, Agro-Forestry, Pbr, Etc.). Since 1992 He Has Facilitated A Wide Range Of Development Activities In His Village: Formation Of Peoples Organisation, Establishment Of Grain And Gene Bank And Self Help Groups, Land Development, Low Carbon Agriculture, Herbal Garden, Solar Energy, Sanitation Etc. Due To His Dynamic Leadership He Has Transformed Kondhpungar In To A Model Village In South Orissa., Content:- Preface 13 Acknowledgements 17 Acronym 19 List Of Tables 21 List Of Figures 27 List Of Plates 29 1. Kondhpungar Village 33 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Village Profile 1.3. Geographical Area 1.4. People • Kondhs • Kuvi Kondh 1.5. Education 1.6. Languages Spoken 1.7. Land Holding Pattern 1.7.1. Inter-Household Variation In Total Land Holdings 1.8 Sources Of Livelihood • Annual Income Among The Households• Income From Livestock • Income From Forest Products • Income From Wage Labour• Distribution Of Total Annual Income • Relative Contribution Of Different Sources Of Livelihood To Total Annual Income • Income Generation Activities Undertaken By Shg In Kondhpungar 1.9 Annual Calendar Of Main Festivals In The Village • Rakhyas Puja • Spiritually Empowered Seeds 1.10. Traditional Governance System 1.11 Present Governance System• People'S Organisation • Self-Help Group • Rural Health And Environmental Programme (Rhep) 1.12 Growing Partnership: People Of Kondhpungar And Irdwsi 1.13. Glimpses Of Kondhpungar'S Journey 1988-2008. 2. Objectives, Concepts And Methods 101 2.1. Objectives Of The Study 2.2. Various Concepts Used • Biodiversity •Sustainable Use Of Biodiversity• Sustainable Livelihoods 2.3 Methodology Adopted • Formation Of Study Team • Capacity Building • Team Formation • Data Collection • Nomenclature • 8 Biodiversity Conservation And Sustainable Livelihoods Validation Of Nomenclature • Duration Of Study • Photo Documentation. 3. Biodiversity Bearing Areas In Kondhpungar 109 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Identification Of Biodiversity Bearing Areas 3.3. Description Of Biodiversity Bearing Areas 3.3.1. Landscape Biodiversity Bearing Areas 3.3.1.1. Homestead Gardens • Variation In Size Of Badas • Biodiversity In Individual Homestead Gardens • Biodiversity In Homestead Gardens: Salient Features And Summary • Vegetables And Other Plants Grown In Badas • Wild Plants Found In Badas • Wild Animals Sighted In Badas 3.3.1.2. Domesticated Animals • Inter-Household Variation • Inter- Household Variation In Total Numbers Of Animals Maintained • Preferred Domesticated Animals 3.3.1.3. Herbal Garden • Medicinal Plants Planted In The Garden • Survival Status Of Planted Species • Wild Plants Species Found In Herbal Garden • Wild Animals Sighted In Herbal Garden 3.3.1.4. Farm Land • Domesticated Plant Species •Wild Plants Species Occurring In Farm Lands •Wild Animals Sighted In Farm Lands 3.3.1.5. Wet Lands •Crop Grown In Wet Lands •Wild Plants Species Occurring In Wet Lands• Wild Animals Sighted In Wet Lands 3.3.1.6. Rainfed Lands •Crops And Trees Grown In Rainfed Lands • Wild Plant Species Found In Rainfed Lands • Wild Animal Species Sighted In Rainfed Lands 3.3.1.7. Shifting Cultivation • Crops Grown In Shifting Cultivation Fields • Trees Grown In Shifting Cultivation Fields • Wild Plants Occurring In Shifting Cultivation Fields • Wild Animals Sighted In Shifting Cultivation Fields 3.3.1.8. Social Forestry Plantation• Names Of The Plant Species Planted • Wild Plants Occurring In Social Forestry Patch • Wild Animals Sighted In Social Forestry Patch 3.3.1.9. Cashew Nut Plantation • Wild Plants Occurring In Cashew Nut Plantation Patch • Wild Animals Sighted In Cashew Nut Plantation Area 3.3.1.10. Eucalyptus Plantation • Wild Plant Species Occurring In Eucalyptus Plantation Area • Wild Animals Sighted In Eucalyptus Plantation Area 3.3.1.11. Silver Oak Plantation • Wild Plant Species Occurring In Silver Oak Plantation Area • Wild Animals Sighted In Silver Oak Plantation Contents 9 Patch 3.3.1.12. Protected Forest • Plants Planted In The Protected Forests • Wild Plant Species Occurring In Protected Forest • Wild Animal Sighted In Protected Forest 3.3.1.13. Sacred Grove • Wild Plant Species Occurring In The Sacred Grove • Wild Animals Sighted In Sacred Grove 3.3.1.14. Road Side Plantation • Wild Plants Species Occurring On Road Side • Wild Animal Sighted On Road Side 3.3.2. Waterscape Elements Bearing Biodiversity 3.3.2.1. Tank 1 • Plants Planted On The Embankment Of The Tank • Wild Plants Occurring On The Embankment Of The Tank • Aquatic Fauna Found In The Tank • Wild Animals Found In And Around The Tank 3.3.2.2. Tank 2 • Aquatic Animals Found In And Around The Tank • Plants Raised On The Tank Bund • Wild Plants Occurring On The Tank Bund• Wild Animals Seen Around The Tank 3.3.2.3. Tank 3• Aquatic Animals Found In And Around The Tank • Plants Raised On The Tank Bund • Wild Plants Occurring On The Tank • Wild Animals Seen Around The Tank 3.3.2.4. Check Dam • Aquatic Animals Found In And Around The Check Dam • Aquatic And Terrestrial Plant Species • Wild Plants Occurring On The Check Dam • Wild Animals Seen Around The Check Dam 3.3.2.5. Streams • Stream 1: Kotra Am Jhola • Wild Plants Occurring Along The Stream Kotra Amjhola • Wild Animals Sighted Around The Stream Kotra Am Jhola • Stream 2: Kudi Kanda Jhola • Wild Plants Occurring Along The Stream Kudi Kanda Jhola • Wild Animals Sighted Around Kudi Kanda Jhola • Stream 3: Boko Sakadi • Aquatic Wild Plants Found Along The Boko Sakadi Stream • Wild Plants Occurring Along The Boko Sakadi Stream • Wild Animals Sighted Around Boko Sakadi Stream. 4. A Comparative Analysis Of The Distribution 209 Of Biodiversity In Various Land And Waterscape Elements 4.1. A Comparative Analysis Of The Occurrence Of Cultivated Plant Species In Different Land And Waterscape Elements • Variation In Number Of Cultivated Plants Occurring In Different Land And Waterscape Elements • Inter-Area Variation In Cultivated Tree Species In 20 Biodiversity Bearing 10 Biodiversity Conservation And Sustainable Livelihoods Areas Varietal Diversity In Select Cultivated Crops • Varietal Diversity In Paddy, Ragi And Suan 4.2. A Comparative Analysis Of The Occurrence Of Wild Plant Species In Different Land And Waterscape Elements • Variation In Number Of Wild Plant Species Occurring In Different Land And Waterscape Elements • Interwild Plant Species Variation In 20 Land And Waterscape Areas • Wild Mushrooms Occurring In The Village 4.3. A Comparative Analysis Of The Occurrence Of Wild Animal Species In Different Land And Waterscape Elements • Variation In Number Of Wild Animal Species Occurring In Different Land And Waterscape Elements • Inter-Wild Animal Species Variation In 20 Land And Waterscape Areas 4.4. A Comparative Analysis Of The Occurrence Of Aquatic And Wild Animal Species In Different Waterscape Elements 5. Biodiversity And Sustainable Livelihoods 257 5.1. Cultivated Crops, Vegetables And Trees And Their Usages • Diversity Of Usages • Pattern Of Consumption 5.2. Wild Plants And Their Usages 5.2.1. Diversity Of Usages • Food Security • Health Care Security • Energy Security •Fodder Security • Timber • Financial Security • Spiritual Security • Social Bondage • Seasonal Availability Of Various Wild Plant Products • Food, Health And Energy Security • Food Security Health Care Security • Energy Security • Edible Wild Mushrooms 5.3. Wild Animals And Their Usages • Type Of Usages Of The Wild Animals 5.4. Use Of Wild Aquatic Animals 6. History Of Change In Landscape And 301 Waterscape Elements 6.1. Description Of Changes In Each Of The • Land And Waterscape Elements •Homestead Gardens (Badas) • Herbal Garden • Farm Land • Wet Lands • Rainfed Land • Paddy Varieties • Ragi Varities • Suan Varities • Shifting Cultivation • Social Forestry Plantation • Cashew Nut Plantation • Eucalyptus Plantation • Silver-Oak Plantation • Protected Forest • Sacred Grove • Tank 1 • Tank 2 • Tank 3 • Check Dam Streams • Road Side Plantation 6.2. Domesticated Animals 6.3. Changes In The Abundance Of Wild Animals 6.4. Changes In The Abundance Of 12 Socially Preferred Contents 11 Wild Plants 6.5. Plants Important As Source Of Food For Wild Animals 6.6. Assisted Natural Regeneration Of Wild Mango In Kondhpungar • Case Study 6.7. Spiritually Empowered Seeds 6.8. Grain Bank. 7. Aspirations And Future Vision 327 7.1. Significant Observations 7.2. Future Vision 7.2.1. Institutional Arrangements 7.2.2. Management Of Biodiversity Bearing Areas • Homestead Garden • Herbal Garden • Farm Land • Wet Land • Rainfed Land • Shifting Cultivation • Social Forestry Plantation • Cashew Nut Plantation • Eucalyptus Plantation • Silver Oak Plantation • Protected Forest• Sacred Grove • Tanks • Check Dam • Livestock 7.3. Knowledgeable Persons In The Village. Appendix 1. Genealogy Of The Hontal Clan 1 In 343 Kondhpungar 2. Names Of Cultivated Crops, Vegetables 351 And Trees Grown In Kondhpungar For The Year 2007 Appendix 3. Names Of 124 Wild Plants, Their Parts 355 Used With Purpose Appendix 4. Names Of 148 Wild Plants Found In 364 Kondhpungar Appendix 5. Wild Animals Sighted In Kondhpungar 367 Index 371
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